How to Grow Boston Ferns: Care for Nephrolepis Exaltata

Did you know that the Boston fern can reduce pollutants in the air? Well, every plant can, but the boston fern is one of the highest-rated species to do so. It’s also beautiful when grown in pots or in hanging baskets. It can really brighten up the house with its vibrant green or greenish-yellow foliage. And the boston fern is easy to care for, too!

Does this make you want to grow your own boston fern? Well, whether you’ve got a hanging basket in your window or cultivating a bed along the shaded side of your home, I’ll tell you everything you need to know!

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Overview

Common Name(s)	Boston Fern, Sword ferns
Scientific Name	Nephrolepis exaltata, Nephrolepis cordifolia
Family	Nephrolepidaceae
Height	12-24”
Light	Prefers indirect bright sunlight for 2 hours per day
Water	Water at soil level when top inch of soil is dry.
Soil	Well-draining. Good potting soils or organic-rich blends preferred.
Fertilizer	Liquid – I recommend kelp liquid fertilizers.
Pests	Some nematodes, caterpillars, fungus gnats, mealybugs, thrips, scale insects. Also susceptible to a couple fungal diseases.

All About the Boston Fern

Nephrolepis exaltata and Nephrolepis cordifolia are the botanical names for the tropical plants Boston fern and sword ferns. These narrow-leaved angiosperms — or spore producers — are native to tropical regions of forests and wetlands of South and Central America, Mexico, the southern coastal regions of the US, Polynesia, and Africa.

These ferns are true ferns that enjoy understory areas with consistently moist soil. The Boston fern thrives in bright, indirect light in its native range, and has either branching or erect fronds that may be solid green or variegated.

The Nephrolepis cordifolia species, known commonly as sword ferns are invasive species in New Zealand and Florida. It’s in both of these regions the sale and trade of the plant is restricted. Therefore, do not grow sword ferns in either area. If you must care for one, keep it as a potted Boston fern in a container or hanging basket, and ensure it doesn’t spread outside its bounds.

Types of Boston Fern

While there are more than 50 varieties of Boston fern out there, most of them are cultivars of two specific fern species. Here’s some info on those two species!

Nephrolepis exaltata

This is the Boston fern variety that most people recognize, and which is grown worldwide. This fern commonly grows wild in humid environments such as swamps and forests, especially in tropical regions.

This Boston fern is found throughout central and south America, in Mexico and Florida, and in areas such as Polynesia or the West Indies. But of course, it’s also found in many homes and gardens as it’s a very popular houseplant.

There are cultivars of the Boston swordfern that are quite popular, such as “Tiger Fern” (shown above), which is prized for the unusual striping of its leaves. Even the non-striped varieties are strikingly beautiful!

Nephrolepis cordifolia

Native to Asia, northern Australia, and the Hawaiian islands, the erect sword fern is also a popular garden choice. It has become so widespread in areas such as Florida that it’s now considered an invasive species there.

While most sword fern are very similar in shape to Nephrolepsis exaltata, their stems are more rigid. Thus, they stand more upright rather than drooping over. Some cultivars, like “Lemon Buttons” (shown above) have become more popular since they’ve got uniquely-shaped leaves, but many like just the traditional sword fern as well.

Boston Fern Care

Whether indoors or outside, learning the tenets of Boston fern care is simple as long as you follow our tips!

Light and Temperature

Light requirements vary depending on the season. In the fall and winter, they benefit from bright indirect light. In English, that means about 5′ away from a south-facing window. A Boston fern loves lots of indirect light.

It’s the more powerful light levels spring and summer which becomes difficult for the Boston fern. They can’t tolerate direct sunlight for long and need to be placed in a location with filtered sunlight. Generally, northern-facing windows which get indirect light are good, as are shaded places under trees. If your home provides sun shelter, that’s also great.

Don’t think that the Boston fern doen’t need light at all. A minimum of two hours of indirect light a day is required! These ferns do alright in heat, but can’t handle cold below 50°F. Bring your Boston fern indoors when temps are consistently below that.

Water and Humidity

How often do you water a Boston fern? Well, that depends on their environment. If you’re growing it as an indoor plant, you should start watering once the top inch or so of soil is dry. Water at soil level to keep the fronds dry.

If your Boston fern prefers more humidity, you can place a tray with stones and water in it beneath the pot. This will keep your ferns lush and happy. If your Boston fern is in a hanging pot, give it a light misting with a mister bottle occasionally.

If your Boston fern is grown outdoors,  you ideally want to water when the top inch of soil is dry. However, in warmer months this is more difficult to do, and they want high humidity levels. I recommend mulching around the base of your plants to help keep the soil a bit moist and provide a warm and humid environment. You don’t want it soggy, but you also don’t want it bone-dry!

One interesting fact about the Boston fern is that very cold water can shock its roots. Try to leave your water in a bucket or watering can for a little while so it can warm up if it’s cold.

Soil

As ferns often live in tropical environments, they do appreciate a rich soil blend. However, they don’t necessarily need one. A mixture of peat moss, sand, and good potting soil can provide the good drainage that the Boston fern needs while still holding enough water to keep the soil moist. If you have compost at hand, blend a little of that into your peat moss soil mix as well. Ferns (especially potted ferns) do appreciate a soil that’s rich with plant matter.

Fertilizer

Use liquid formula for your Boston fern. You can opt for an organic such as liquid kelp, or you can choose a commercial houseplant fertilizer that’s diluted to half its normal strength. Fertilizer should be applied at the base of the Boston fern so as to not scorch its fronds.

Boston Fern Propagation

Propagating a fern takes one of two forms: runners, or division. While fern spores are viable, they’re difficult to grow new plants from.

Runners will extend out from a large Boston fern and will gradually develop roots. These runners are called stolons. You can remove these at the base of the old plant and repot them in sterile potting soil. They will develop a new Boston fern from the stolon.

Alternately, you can divide a Boston fern. To do this, wait until the soil becomes dry more than you normally would. This will allow the root system to dry out a bit too. Remove the Boston fern from its pot or carefully dig it up from the soil. Then, use a serrated knife to cut the fern’s root ball in half. You can cut it in quarters or eighths from there if you wish more plants to form. Repot the new Boston fern plants, keeping them moist but not wet.

Repotting Boston Ferns

If you are starting a runner in a new pot, or replanting a cutting from an older Boston fern plant, be sure to use sterile, well-draining potting mix. This will help your new plant to take off without any crowding from weed seeds that might be in older soil.

Generally, you don’t have to repot a Boston fern unless you want it to grow larger. The roots fill the pot over time, and eventually will get too crowded. At that point, it’s good to divide your Boston fern every few years to allow it to develop new roots.

Pruning Your Boston Fern

The Boston fern doesn’t require much in the way of pruning. Older Boston fern leaves can be snipped off at the base of the plant to allow for new leaf growth. This also helps to remove leaves which may be browning or otherwise the worse for wear. Generally, pruning Boston ferns is a matter of aesthetics than one of plant maintenance.

Troubleshooting

While the Boston fern care is surprisingly simple, there is a short list of things which can affect it negatively. Here’s what might occur, and how to fix it if it does.

Growing Problems

The most common problem that occurs in the process of Boston fern care is when it appears greyish in color. If the leaves appear to be greying, and the plant’s growth appears to have stalled, it is likely the result of drought conditions. Be sure to regularly water your Boston fern once the top layer of soil has dried out.

If the fronds of your plant seem to be weak and droopy, it may require more light. Move it to a location where it gets a minimum of two hours of indirect bright light per day.

While leaves are generally a deep green hue, a lighter coloration can be caused by too much direct sunlight. If you’re trying to cultivate a dark green fern, be careful to monitor how long it’s getting light for each day.

If you notice brown leaf tips of fronds or runners, there is a nutrient issue. Either there are too many mineral salts (which can often be caused by runoff from ice melts), or the quality of the water the plant’s receiving is poor. You may be able to work new soil in around your plants to help improve the soil quality. Using collected rainwater to water your ferns may also be a good decision.

Pests

There is a form of root knot nematode which can cause symptoms very similar to Pythium root rot (see below). You have two options to treat this: add beneficial nematodes which will attack the harmful ones, or treat it as if it were the root rot with a fungicide.

Some forms of caterpillar are known to feed on Boston fern, such as cutworms. Use Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki, also called BT, to defend against caterpillar damage.

Fungus gnats can also become a problem for the Boston fern. You can use neem oil to help combat the spread of these little gnats. Beneficial nematodes can also kill the gnat larvae in the soil.

Mealybugs, thrips, and scale insects can become destructive as well. All can be treated with neem oil, or alternately with an insecticidal soap.

Diseases

If the leaves of your Boston fern are going greyish in color and you know it’s not water-related, your plant may be suffering from Pythium root rot. This fungal disease can stunt the growth of your fern and eventually kill it.

To avoid this type of root rot altogether, buy plants that are free of pathogens. Plant them in sterile potting soil. If your plant appears to have developed this root rot, you can use a fungicide to treat the soil and plant.

Another disease you might struggle with is Rhizoctonia aerial blight. This blight causes dark lesions or spotting on the leaves of your plant. This blight is also treatable by fungicides.

You can prune off any plant matter which has fallen victim to fungal diseases close to the base of the plant. This will visually improve the look of the plant. However, it will not treat the fungal infection, so that still needs to be done.

For both the root rot and the blight, I recommend a product that combines a few different fungicidal and insecticidal agents together.

Frequently Asked Questions

Q: Is it safe to grow around my cats?

A: Sword fern or any other true fern is generally safe to grow around your pets, as Boston ferns are nontoxic. Just remember that too much of a good thing is still too much. Even cat grass gets thrown up if your cat overindulges!

Q: We get snow in the winter. Will that hurt my ferns?

A: While you are carrying out Boston fern care, if you can overwinter your fern indoors, or keep it inside a greenhouse for protection from the cold. If they’re planted outside in a garden bed, you can mulch heavily around the base to help protect the root mass from cold. They can also benefit when covered with a cold frame.

Q: My ferns develop yellow leaves that fall everywhere.

A: Remember, they love humidity. Mist them occasionally, and keep them away from heaters or radiators, as those can dry out the air. You can also place a saucer with some gravel and water in it beneath the plant to provide higher humidity levels.

Q: Can Boston ferns survive outside?

A: They can, especially in zones 9 to 11. When temperatures dip below 50 degrees, shelter them or bring the plant indoors.

Q: How long do Boston ferns live?

A: Each boston fern lives for 100-plus years.

Q: Are Boston ferns an annual or perennial?

A: They are perennial plants in their hardiness zones.

Q: How often do Boston ferns need to be watered?

A: Water outdoor plants daily, and water indoor plants when the top inch of soil is dry.

Q: Do Boston ferns prefer sun or shade?

A: They need bright, indirect light. Remember that they are understory plants in their native ranges.